Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are used as a bridge during the transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and to make energy consumption more efficient. The main problem in improving the efficiency of HEV energy consumption is torque management. In this study. a novel approach based on a nonlinear model predictive controller to solve the reference tracking and torque distribution... https://foldlyers.shop/product-category/optocouplers/