These controversies regarding the relationships between citizenship pressure, OCBs and CCBs could be due to ways in which OCBs are measured. Within the literature, OCBs have generally been defined as spontaneous behaviours and rated by colleagues or leaders (e.g.2). Other-rated measurements are unable to identify the behavioural motivations underlying OCBs1,11. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ZsO9iQ1SGS4